Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that impacts millions of people around the world. It causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. While asthma is most often linked to lung problems, there’s growing concern about its connection to other health issues, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Cardiovascular disease includes a variety of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, like coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. Recent studies have shown that asthma—especially severe or poorly controlled asthma—may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular complications. Understanding the link between asthma and heart health allows individuals to take proactive steps in managing their overall well-being.
The Connection Between Asthma and Cardiovascular Disease
The link between asthma and cardiovascular disease lies primarily in chronic inflammation. In asthma, persistent inflammation affects the airways, causing them to become hypersensitive. However, this inflammatory process is not confined to the lungs. Inflammation can also extend to the circulatory system, contributing to atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries) and increasing the risk of CVD.
Asthma-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease include:
- Inflammatory Mediators: The same molecules that drive airway inflammation, such as cytokines, can also damage blood vessels and promote arterial plaque formation.
- Oxidative Stress: Chronic inflammation generates oxidative stress, which damages cells and tissues in the cardiovascular system.
- Stress on the Heart: During asthma attacks, reduced oxygen levels force the heart to work harder to circulate blood, potentially leading to long-term cardiovascular strain.
- Asthma Medications: Some asthma treatments, such as systemic corticosteroids, can raise blood pressure and affect blood sugar levels, indirectly contributing to cardiovascular risks.
Also Read: What’s an Asthma Action Plan, and Why Should I Have One?
Common Risk Factors Between Asthma and CVD
Asthma and cardiovascular disease share several common risk factors, which may further explain their connection. These include:
Obesity: Obesity is a known risk factor for both asthma and cardiovascular disease. Excess
Smoking: Tobacco smoke damages the lungs and blood vessels, increasing the risk of both conditions. Even exposure to secondhand smoke can worsen asthma and contribute to CVD.
Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle is linked to poorer lung function and cardiovascular health. Individuals with asthma may avoid exercise due to fear of triggering symptoms, compounding their risk.
Poor Diet: Diets high in processed foods and low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can promote inflammation and increase the risk of both asthma and CVD.
Air Pollution: Exposure to environmental pollutants, such as particulate matter and ozone, can aggravate asthma and contribute to cardiovascular problems by causing inflammation and oxidative stress.
How Asthma May Lead to Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic Inflammation: Persistent inflammation in asthma contributes to endothelial dysfunction, a condition in which the inner lining of blood vessels fails to function properly. This dysfunction is a precursor to atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Elevated Blood Pressure: During an asthma attack, low oxygen levels trigger the release of stress hormones, which can temporarily raise blood pressure. Repeated episodes may lead to sustained hypertension.
Increased Heart Rate: Asthma exacerbations often involve rapid breathing, which can increase heart rate and strain the cardiovascular system over time.
Sleep Apnea: Individuals with asthma are at higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that disrupts breathing during sleep and increases the risk of hypertension, stroke, and heart disease.
Also Read: Why Is My Asthma Worse as I Age?
Asthma Medications and Cardiovascular Risks
While asthma medications are essential for managing symptoms and preventing attacks, some may have side effects that impact cardiovascular health:
Systemic Corticosteroids: Long-term use of oral corticosteroids can lead to weight gain, increased blood pressure, and elevated blood sugar levels, all of which are risk factors for CVD.
Beta-Agonists: Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) can increase heart rate and blood pressure in some individuals, especially when overused.
Leukotriene Modifiers: While generally safe, these medications may cause rare cardiovascular side effects, such as palpitations or chest pain.
It’s important to work closely with a healthcare provider to balance asthma management with cardiovascular health.
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals With Asthma
Managing asthma effectively and addressing shared risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. Here are some key strategies:
Control Asthma Symptoms: Follow your prescribed treatment plan and use medications as directed. Avoid known triggers, such as allergens, smoke, and pollutants. Monitor symptoms and seek medical advice if they worsen.
Adopt a Heart-Healthy Diet: Focus on whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Limit salt, sugar, and saturated fats to reduce blood pressure and inflammation.
Stay Physically Active: Engage in regular, moderate exercise to improve lung and heart function. Choose activities that are asthma-friendly, such as swimming or walking, and use a rescue inhaler if needed before exercising.
Maintain a Healthy Weight: Losing excess weight can improve asthma symptoms and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
Avoid Smoking and Secondhand Smoke: If you smoke, seek resources to help you quit. Avoid environments with tobacco smoke to protect your lungs and heart.
Monitor Blood Pressure and Cholesterol: Regular check-ups can help identify and manage hypertension or high cholesterol early.
Manage Stress: Chronic stress can worsen both asthma and cardiovascular health. Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or yoga.
When to See a Doctor
If you have asthma, it’s important to monitor for signs of cardiovascular issues, such as:
- Persistent chest pain or discomfort
- Shortness of breath unrelated to asthma
- Irregular heartbeats or palpitations
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
These symptoms may indicate a cardiovascular problem and warrant immediate medical attention.
Conclusion
Asthma and cardiovascular disease are connected through shared risk factors, chronic inflammation, and other physiological mechanisms. While asthma can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications, proactive management can greatly reduce this risk. Recognizing the link between asthma and heart health is an important step toward improving overall well-being.
If you or someone you know has asthma, it’s crucial not to overlook its potential impact on heart health. Small changes in daily habits can make a big difference in quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Contact Dr. Bazel, MD to schedule a consultation today!